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实现更高质量就业是“十四五”时期促进就业工作的重点,增强居民主观福利是评判就业质量的关键标准。本文以主观幸福感、生活满意度、获得感、抑郁程度作为主观福利的衡量指标,采用2014年和2016年中国劳动力动态调查数据,首先基于混合截面数据验证总体就业质量及其各维度的主观福利效应,然后使用有序probit模型、面板固定效应模型、工具变量法进行稳健性检验,最后引入交互项考察年龄异质性以及工作价值观的调节作用。研究表明:第一,就业质量的提升可以有效增加居民主观幸福感、生活满意度和获得感,降低抑郁程度,其中收入水平、社会保障、就业满意度与主观福利存在线性关系,工作时间与主观福利存在非线性关系;第二,就业质量的主观福利效应存在明显的年龄异质性,提高就业质量对年长劳动者的主观福利提升效应更大;第三,居民自我实现工作价值观越强,提高就业质量对其生活满意度和获得感的提升作用越强,而谋生工作价值观越强,提高就业质量对其抑郁程度的降低作用越弱。
Abstract:Realizing higher-quality employment is the focus of promoting employment during the 14th Five-Year Plan period, and enhanced residents? subjective well-being is the key standard to judge the quality of employment. In this paper, subjective happiness, life satisfaction, sense of gain and depression degree are taken as the measurement indicators of subjective well-being, and data from China Labor Force Dynamic Survey in 2014 and 2016 are adopted. First, the subjective well-being effects of the overall and each dimension of employment quality are verified based on the mixed cross-sectional data. Then the ordered probit model, panel fixed-effects model, and instrumental variable method are used to test the robustness. Finally, the interaction item is introduced to investigate age heterogeneity and the moderating effects of work values. The results show that: firstly, the improvement of employment quality can effectively increase residents? subjective happiness, life satisfaction, sense of gain, and reduce the depression degree. There is a linear relationship between income level, social security, employment satisfaction and subjective well-being, and a non-linear relationship between working hours and subjective well-being. Secondly, the subjective well-being effect of employment quality has obvious age heterogeneity, and improving employment quality has a greater improvement effect on the older workers. Thirdly, when self-realization values are stronger, improving employment quality has a stronger effect on improving life satisfaction and sense of gain; when earning-bread values are stronger, improving employment quality has a weaker effect on reducing depression.
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(1)CLDS2018未涵盖工作价值观的相关调查问题,故未使用2018年数据。
(1)由于抑郁程度在两次调查中的问题设置不同,2014年和2016年抑郁程度的核密度曲线虽有所差别,但总体分布大致相同,基本能满足本文研究需要。
(1)年龄的平方项是年龄除以10后的平方项。
(1)省级固定效应通过引入省份虚拟变量表示。
(2)以主观幸福感为例,就业质量指数增加10%,主观幸福感变动比例的计算公式为:就业质量指数均值×10%×回归系数÷幸福感均值=0.53×10%×0.925÷3.83=1.28%,其他主观福利指标以此类推。
(1)因篇幅所限,就业质量对主观福利影响的相对贡献结果以附表1展示,见《统计研究》网站所列附件。
(2)收入水平取对数后进行Max-Min标准化。
(1)“非常不幸福”概率变动的计算公式为:就业质量指数标准差×回归系数=0.13×(-0.039)=-0.51%,其他边际概率影响以此类推。
基本信息:
DOI:10.19343/j.cnki.11-1302/c.2022.10.010
中图分类号:F249.2
引用信息:
[1]凌珑.就业质量与居民主观福利——基于中国劳动力动态调查的实证研究[J].统计研究,2022,39(10):149-160.DOI:10.19343/j.cnki.11-1302/c.2022.10.010.
基金信息:
国家社会科学基金青年项目“获得感视角下就业质量评价及提升路径研究”(21CRK013); 江苏省卓越博士后计划(2022ZB359)
2022-10-25
2022-10-25