| 2,903 | 39 | 280 |
| 下载次数 | 被引频次 | 阅读次数 |
本文利用中国健康与营养调查20余年的9期追踪数据，使用分层生长曲线模型，分析我国女性生育对工资水平及工资增长率的影响，并考察这种影响的长期效应和队列效应。研究结果显示，生育对女性工资率具有显著的负向影响，并且随着女性年龄增长，工资增长速度也随之减缓，显示出生育影响的长期效应；越晚出生的队列，生育对母亲的工资水平及工资增长率的影响均越大；同时，市场部门影响的队列效应更为明显。对于理解20世纪90年代以来我国生育率长期下降和低生育率趋势，分析生育对女性工资水平影响的长期效应和队列效应提供了一个新的视角。本文就如何减少生育对女性工资收入的负向影响提出了相应政策建议，即积极推动《中共中央国务院关于优化生育政策促进人口长期均衡发展的决定》落地见效，通过一揽子社会经济政策完善生育支持的配套措施，加快构建家庭和生育友好型社会。
Abstract：Capitalizing on 9 waves of longitudinal survey data from China Health and Nutrition Survey conducted in more than twenty years, this paper examines women's childbearing impacts on wage rate and the wage growth rate using hierarchical growth curve model, and investigates the long-term effects and cohort effects of this impact. The results show that there exists a significant negative relationship between childbearing and women's wage rate, and wage growth rate will slow down along with aging, thus showing a long-term effect of the impact; the later the birth cohort, the greater the impact of childbearing on the level of mother's wage rate and its growth rate. At the same time, the cohort effect of the market sector is more obvious. The long-term effect and cohort effect of childbearing on women's wage rate both provide a new perspective for understanding the long-term decline of birth rate and low fertility trend in China since 1990s. This paper puts forward corresponding policy suggestions on how to reduce the negative impact of childbearing on women's wage income, that is, actively promote the implementation and effectiveness of the decision of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on Optimizing Fertility Policies and promoting long-term balanced population development, improve the supporting measures to facilitate childbearing through a package of socio-economic policies, and speed up the construction of a family and childbearing friendly society.
[1]曹昭仪.中国市场化发展不同阶段女性生育收入惩罚问题研究[D].东北财经大学，2018.
[2]甘春华.“生育工资惩罚”的表现及作用机理：研究现状梳理[J].劳动经济研究，2017,5(3):120–134.
[3]李芬，风笑天.“对母亲的收入惩罚”现象：理论归因与实证检验[J].国外理论动态，2016(3):74–83.
[4]刘金菊.中国城镇女性的生育代价有多大?[J].人口研究，2020,44(2):33–43.
[5]肖洁.生育的收入惩罚效应有多大：基于已婚女性收入分布的研究[J].东南大学学报（哲学社会科学版），2017,19(3):91–99,147.
[6]许琪.从父职工资溢价到母职工资惩罚：生育对我国男女工资收入的影响及其变动趋势研究（1989—2015）[J].社会学研究，2021,36(5):1–24,226.
[7]於嘉，谢宇.生育对我国女性工资率的影响[J].人口研究，2014,38(1):18–29.
[8]张川川.子女数量对已婚女性劳动供给和工资的影响[J].人口与经济，2011(5):29–35.
[9] Anderson D J, Binder M, Krause K. The Motherhood Wage Penalty Revisited:Experience, Heterogeneity, Work Effort, and Work-schedule Flexibility[J]. ILR Review, 2003, 56(2):273–294.
[10] Becker G S. A Treatise on the Family:Enlarged Edition[M]. Boston:Harvard University Press, 1991.
[11] Budig M J, England P. The Wage Penalty for Motherhood[J]. American Sociological Review, 2001:204–225.
[12] Budig M J, Hodges M J. Differences in Disadvantage:Variation in the Motherhood Penalty Across White Women’s Earnings Distribution[J].American Sociological Review, 2010, 75(5):705–728.
[13] Correll S J, Benard S, Paik I. Getting a Gob:Is there a Motherhood Penalty?[J]. American Journal of Sociology, 2007, 112(5):1297–1338.
[14] Duan Yuanyuan. Dynamics of Low Fertility, Opportunity Costs of Childbearing, and Impacts of Fertility on Women’s Labour Force Participation and Subjective Well-being Under China’s Two-child Policy[D]. Macquarie University, Australia, 2021.
[15] Gafni D, Siniver E. Is there a Motherhood Wage Penalty for Highly Skilled Women?[J]. The BE Journal of Economic Analysis&Policy, 2015,15(3):1353–1380.
[16] Gangl M, Ziefle A. Motherhood, Labor Force Behavior, and Women’s Careers:An Empirical Assessment of the Wage Penalty for Motherhood in Britain, Germany, and the United States[J]. Demography, 2009, 46(2):341–369.
[17] Jia N, Dong X Y. Economic Transition and the Motherhood Wage Penalty in Urban China:Investigation Using Panel Data[J]. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 2013, 37(4):819–843.
[18] Loughran D S, Zissimopoulos J M. Why Wait? The Effect of Marriage and Childbearing on the Wages of Men and Women[J]. Journal of Human Resources, 2009, 44(2):326–349.
[19] Lundberg S, Rose E. Parenthood and the Earnings of Married Men and Women[J]. Labour Economics, 2000, 7(6):689–710.
[20] Mertens N, Schippers J, Siegers J. Career Interruptions and Women’s Life-time Earnings[J]. European Journal of Women’s Studies, 1995, 2(4):469–491.
[21] Molina J A, Montuenga V M. The Motherhood Wage Penalty in Spain[J]. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 2009, 30(3):237–251.
[22] Petersen T, Penner A M, H?gsnes G. The Within-job Motherhood Wage Penalty in Norway, 1979—1996[J]. Journal of Marriage and Family,2010, 72(5):1274–1288.
[23] Polachek S W. Occupational Self-selection:A Human Capital Approach to Sex Differences in Occupational Structure[J]. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 1981:60–69.
[24] Sandler D, Szembrot N. Maternal Labor Dynamics:Participation, Earnings, and Employer Changes[R]. Working Papers 19–33, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau, 2019.
[25] Shen Y, Jiang L. Reproductive Choices of Highly Educated Employed Women with Two Children Under the Universal Two-child Policy[J].Journal of Family Issues, 2020, 41(5):611–635.
[26] Staff J, Mortimer J T. Explaining the Motherhood Wage Penalty During the Early Occupational Career[J]. Demography, 2012, 49(1):1–21.
[27] Stier H, Lewin-Epstein N, Braun M. Welfare Regimes, Family-supportive Policies, and Women’s Employment along the Life-course[J].American Journal of Sociology, 2001, 106(6):1731–1760.
[28] Waldfogel J. The Effect of Children on Women’s Wages[J]. American Sociological Review, 1997:209–217.
[29] Zhao M. From Motherhood Premium to Motherhood Penalty? Heterogeneous Effects of Motherhood Stages on Women’s Economic Outcomes in Urban China[J]. Population Research and Policy Review, 2018, 37(6):967–1002.
(1)居民消费价格指数来源于国家统计局网站：http://data.stats.gov.cn/easyquery.htm?cn=C01。选取历年居民消费价格指数（1978=100）作为调整参数，以1978年为标准对工资率进行调整。
基本信息:
DOI：10.19343/j.cnki.11-1302/c.2022.05.009
中图分类号:F249.24;D669.68
引用信息:
[1]陈卫,董浩月,刘金菊.生育对中国女性工资率的影响：基于队列视角的分析[J].统计研究,2022,39(05):119-133.DOI:10.19343/j.cnki.11-1302/c.2022.05.009.
基金信息:
国家社会科学基金项目“基于工作生命表估计的中国女性‘生育代价’研究”（17BRK027）; 北京市社会科学基金项目“中国大城市的婚姻变迁”（20SRB009）
2022-05-30
2022-05-30
2022-05-30